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Draw the Thiol That Can Be Oxidized to Produce Propyl Disulfide, Ch3ch2ch2ã¢ë†â€™sã¢ë†â€™sã¢ë†â€™ch2ch2ch3.

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doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.040. Epub 2022 Jun ii.

Inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis alters compartmental redox status and the thiol proteome in organogenesis-stage rat conceptuses

Affiliations

  • PMID: 23736079
  • PMCID: PMC3764921
  • DOI: ten.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.040

Complimentary PMC article

Inhibition of glutathione biosynthesis alters compartmental redox condition and the thiol proteome in organogenesis-stage rat conceptuses

Craig Harris  et al. Free Radic Biol Med. 2013 October .

Free PMC article

Abstract

Developmental signals that control growth and differentiation are regulated by environmental factors that generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and alter steady-state redox environments in tissues and fluids. Protein thiols are selectively oxidized and reduced in singled-out spatial and temporal patterns in conjunction with changes in glutathione/glutathione disulfide (GSH/GSSG) and cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS) redox potentials (E(h)) to regulate developmental signaling. The purpose of this report was to measure compartment-specific thiol redox status in cultured organogenesis-stage rat conceptuses and to evaluate the impact of thiol oxidation on the redox proteome. The visceral yolk sac (VYS) has the highest initial (0 h) total intracellular GSH (GSH+2GSSG) concentration (five.5 mM) and the lowest Eh (-223 mV) equally determined by HPLC analysis. Total embryo (EMB) GSH concentrations ranged lower (iii.ii mM) and were simply slightly more oxidized than the VYS. Total GSH concentrations in yolk sac fluid (YSF) and amniotic fluid (AF) are >500-fold lower than in tissues and are highly oxidized (YSF Due east(h)=-121 mV and AF Eastward(h)=-49 mV). Steady-state total Cys concentrations (Cys+2CySS) were significantly lower than GSH in tissues but were otherwise equal in VYS and EMB near 0.5 mM. On gestational twenty-four hours 11, total GSH and Cys concentrations in EMB and VYS increase significantly over the 6h time course while Due east(h) remains relatively constant. The Eh (GSH/GSSG) in YSF and AF go more reduced over time while Due east(h) (Cys/CySS) become more than oxidized. Addition of L-buthionine-S,R-sulfoximine (BS0) to selectively inhibit GSH synthesis and mimic the effects of some GSH-depleting environmental chemicals significantly decreased VYS and EMB GSH and Cys concentrations and increased Eh over the 6h exposure period, showing a greater overall oxidation. In the YSF, BSO caused a significant increase in full Cys concentrations to 1.7 mM but did not significantly alter the E(h) for Cys/CySS. A significant net oxidation was seen in the BSO-treated AF compartment subsequently 6 h. Biotinylated iodoacetamide (BIAM) labeling of proteins revealed the significant thiol oxidation of many EMB proteins following BSO treatment. Quantitative changes in the thiol proteome, associated with developmentally relevant pathways, were detected using isotope coded affinity tag (ICAT) labeling and mass spectroscopy. Adaptive pathways were selectively enriched with increased concentrations of proteins involved in mRNA processing (splicesome) and mRNA stabilization (glycolysis, GAPDH), too as protein synthesis (aminoacyl-tRNA) and protein folding (antigen processing, Hsp70, protein disulfide isomerase). These results testify the power of chemic and environmental modulators to selectively alter compartmental intracellular and extracellular GSH and Cys concentrations and modify their corresponding E(h) within the intact viable conceptus. The contradistinct E(h) were also of sufficient magnitude to alter the redox proteome and change relative poly peptide concentrations, suggesting that the mechanistic links through which environmental factors inform and regulate developmental signaling pathways may be discovered using systems developmental biological science techniques.

Keywords: ACN; AF; Amniotic fluid; BIAM; BSO; Conceptus; Cys; Cyss; Cysteine; DEM; Developmental signalling; EMB; Embryo; Glutathione; ICAT; KEGG; Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes; 50-buthionine-Due south,R-sulfoximine; Organogenesis; ROS; Redox potential;; Redox status; SCX; Spliceosome; Thiol proteome; VYS; Visceral yolk sac; WEC; YSF; Yolk sac fluid; acetonitrile; amniotic fluid; biotinylated iodoacetamide; cation exchange chromatography; cysteine; diethyl maleate; embryo; glutamylglutamate; isotope coded affinity tag; reactive oxygen species; visceral yolk sac; whole embryo civilisation; yolk sac fluid; γ-EE.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1

Bubble diagram and low-cal micrograph showing the location and spatial relationships of tissue and fluid compartments sampled for GSH, GSSG, cys, and cySS in the GD 11 rat conceptus. The visceral yolk sac (VYS) encloses the entire conceptus and must be starting time traversed by any nutrient, chemical, or ecology factor before reaching the embryo (EMB) proper. The underlying fluid compartment, bounded past the VYS and amnion (dashed lines), is designated yolk sac fluid (YSF). The amniotic fluid (AF) bathes the embryo proper and is contained within the amnion. The tissue and fluid sampling process was described in particular in the Methods section.

Figure 2
Figure two

Changes in reduced glutathione (GSH) and the oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) measured in VYS, YSF, AF, and Due east in GD 11 rat conceptuses for controls (solid circles) and following 1mM BSO (open circles) over the vi hr sampling period. In accord with normal WEC protocols, the fourth dimension 0 designated on the effigy represents the time when cultures are saturated with 95% O2 to ensure continued optimal growth. Command and treated conceptuses are responding to the additional oxygenation over the 6 hr sampling period. The † symbol indicates that command or BSO-treated values take significantly (p< 0.05) increased or decreased at a designated time bespeak relative to the 0 hr media command. The * symbol indicated that BSO treatment produced a significant (p< 0.05) alter relative to the media control value at any given time point.

Figure 3
Effigy three

Changes in reduced cysteine (cys) and the oxidized cystine (cySS) measured in VYS, YSF, AF, and E in GD xi rat conceptuses for controls (solid circles) and post-obit 1mM BSO (open circles) over the 6 hr sampling flow. In accord with normal WEC protocols, the time 0 designated on the figure represents the fourth dimension when cultures are saturated with 95% O2 to ensure continued optimal growth. Control and treated conceptuses are responding to the additional oxygenation over the 6 60 minutes sampling menstruation. The † symbol indicates that command or BSO-treated values take significantly (p< 0.05) increased or decreased at a designated time point relative to the 0 hr media command. The * symbol indicated that BSO treatment produced a significant (p< 0.05) change relative to the media control value at any given fourth dimension point.

Figure 4
Figure 4

Redox potentials (Eh) in sampled tissues (VYS, EMB) and major fluid compartments (YSF, AF) of the GD 11 rat conceptus, grown in whole embryo culture (WEC). Bubble diagrams (as described in Figure 1) show changes in redox potential for GSH/GSSG and cys/cySS redox couples occurring at one, 3, and vi 60 minutes in whole embryo civilisation following media saturation with 95% O2 and the addition of 1mMBSO to inhibit GSH biosynthesis. Redox potentials are measured in mV. Heat maps show direction of changes with deeper shades of blueish indicating more reducing conditions and a movement toward red every bit tissues and fluids go more than oxidized. The symbol * indicates that treated values are significantly different from concurrent unexposed controls (p <0.05). The symbol ** indicates that treated values are significantly different from concurrent unexposed controls (p <0.01).

Figure 5
Figure five

Gestational day 11 (GD 11) embryonic proteins covalently labeled at reduced cysteines with biotinylated iodoacetamide reagent (BIAM), separated on ii- dimensional SDS-Page gels and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes from embryos exposed to one mM BSO in WEC for 6 hour. Streptavidin tagged with AlexaFluor 680 conjugate was used to detect labeled proteins. BIAM reagents selectively bind only to accessible reduced thiols on embryonic proteins. Command embryonic homogenates (upper panel) bear witness pregnant numbers of proteins containing reduced thiols that spring BIAM reagent. Identical embryos exposed to 1 mM BSO evidence a meaning reduction in the number and intensity of tagged spots. Respective spots (circles) picked on the basis of showing at least a 25% decrease in intensity (digital desitometry) signal proteins oxidized as a result of BSO exposure.

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Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23736079/

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